![]() CMIP has contributed to the evolution and progress of climate science since the mid-1990s, when it was first organized by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM). ![]() The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) coordinates the comparison of compre- hensive climate models and has its roots in earlier model intercomparisons, such as the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP Gates 1992 Gates et al. The scientific gaps identified in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that guided the experiment for its next phase, CMIP6, are identified. Improving understanding of the mechanisms’ underlying internal climate variability for more skillful decadal climate predictions and long-term projections remains another challenge for CMIP6. These biases need increased attention to better understand their origins and consequences through targeted experiments. There are a number of systematic model biases that appear in all phases of CMIP that remain a major climate modeling challenge. The quantification of radiative forcings and responses was poor, and thus it requires new methods and experiments to address this gap. We expect that these idealized approaches will continue to contribute to CMIP6. ![]() How can we assess future climate changes given internal climate variability, predictability, and uncertainties in scenarios?ĬMIP has demonstrated the power of idealized experiments to better understand how the climate system works. What are the origins and consequences of systematic model biases? How does the Earth system respond to changes in forcing? While CMIP5 has given answers to important science questions, with the help of a community survey we identify and motivate three broad topics here that guided the scientific framework of the next phase of CMIP, that is, CMIP6: In so doing, it has greatly advanced climate science. Its most recent phase, the fifth phase (CMIP5), has created nearly 2 PB of output from dozens of experiments performed by dozens of comprehensive climate models available to the climate science research community. In order to qualify for the PPP loan amount received, Aqua Extreme's 2019 payroll expenses are estimated to be at least $301,920.The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is an ongoing coordinated international activity of numerical experimentation of unprecedented scope and impact on climate science. ![]() Please Note: Information on estimated payroll and compensation based on PPP rules is provided for informational purposes only.īased on the standard PPP eligibility formula, it may be possible to estimate the payroll expenses represented by a company on their PPP application (see details above). Additionally, because this standard calculation is based on the maximum loan eligibility, it will under-estimate payroll costs if the business did not apply for the full amount of loan to which it was entitled based on its 2019 payroll expenses and other variables described above.Because salaries for PPP eligibility purposes are capped at $100k, businesses with highly-compensated employees will yield an under-estimation of actual payroll costs.This estimation assumes that the PPP recipient applied for the full amount for which they were eligible, and no other variables affected the loan amount received. Situations may exist in which it may not be accurate to estimate a PPP recipient's payroll expenses based on the amount of PPP loan received. SES - Senior Executive Service Pay Calculatorįor Aqua Extreme, the calculation used to estimate payroll costs is shown below:.FWS - Federal Wage System Pay Calculator.
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